The history’s greatest library benefactor

This article is written by Farrukh Dahl Chairman Read Pakistan

History, Stephen said, is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake. Horrendous and terrible is the history when it calls declares and honors a man with the title “The Great”. A man who was culpable for the unnecessary slaughter of the people, of the deaths of tens of thousands of his own men and of murder of his friends. The end of life of the king Alexander was alcoholic, paranoid and megalomaniac but still he was called by the history “Alexander the Great” just because he was a military genius. History is inequitable when it ignores the other most successful military commanders, business and literary geniuses who changed the world by their thoughts, actions, services and righteousness.

Andrew Carnegie was one of them. A self made steel tycoon, a business genius, a giant of finance, a steel magnate and one of the five greatest businessmen of America has ever known. The wealthiest 19th century U.S businessman who established the largest steel industry in the world. One of America's builders as his business helped to fuel the economy and shape the nation into what it is today. He became the richest man in the world’s history; he alone manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain.

 He is suitable to be called ‘the great’ but not for his incomparable personal achievements, his rise from rags to riches, but for his enormous amounts of public service and his philanthropist works to charities and to promote democracy and transnational peace.

 Carnegie built a fortune from the ground up but in 1901 he sold his business and dedicated his time to expanding his philanthropic work, including the establishment of Carnegie-Mellon University, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, pension funds for his former employees, Carnegie Hero Fund, The Carnegie Institution of Washington and numerous other heavy donations. He also donated £50,000 to help set up the University of Birmingham in 1899. Before his death in 1919, he had already donated $350,695,653 (approximately $4.75 billion, adjusted to 2015 figures) of his wealth. After his death, his last $300 million was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was one of the few who built America and enriched the lives of Americans. George S. Bobinski, in ‘Carnegie Libraries: their history and impact on American public library development’ has reported that 90% of the fortune of this Steel King was spent for what he termed “the improvement of mankind.”

The most impressive thing which inspired me to write this article was his role to establish public libraries for social and educational advancement. In total Carnegie funded and established some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 US states, and also in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies, and Fiji.  By 1920, he had donated some $50, 000, 000 for construction of more than 2500 library buildings. Michael H. Harris, in ‘history of libraries of the western world’ has called him the history’s greatest library benefactor. Only in America he established some 1679 libraries in 1412 communities which, later, became the catalyst for economic, social and cultural development in USA. He explained “I chose free libraries as best agencies for improving the masses of the people”. He further said “they (libraries) reach the aspiring and open to these the chief masses and swinging them round to the surer foundations upon which the national character shall rise.”

He was an avid reader; he spent his Saturdays in the private libraries (in the homes of wealthy citizens). The lessons he learnt from those libraries motivated his campaign to establish world-wide library network. He also funded educational institutions, theatres, scientific research, medical research, law research, and economic research.

The impact and value of libraries in a society is reflected in the results of the survey of public library services commissioned by the Carnegie UK Trust in 2012. The survey was carried out in five jurisdictions: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. On the importance of public libraries, the data shows that overall more than three quarters (79%) of those polled in Ireland said that libraries were ‘very important’ or ‘essential’ for communities. Similarly, the importance of public libraries was highlighted in the survey Ireland’s Vital Signs 2013, where ‘libraries and reading’ were placed in 5th position out of 119 options regarded by the public as most important to them. Another survey by Pew Research in December, 2013 highlighted;

      “Americans strongly value the role of public libraries in their communities,          both for providing access to materials and resources and for promoting              literacy and improving the overall quality of life. Most Americans say they        have only had positive experiences at public libraries, and value a range of       library resources and services. The survey found;

• “95% of Americans ages 16 and older agree that the materials and resources available at public libraries play an important role in giving everyone a chance to succeed;
• 95% say that public libraries are important because they promote literacy and a love of reading;
• 94% say that having a public library improves the quality of life in a community;
• 81% say that public libraries provide many services people would have a hard time finding elsewhere.
• Meanwhile, while most Americans feel that libraries have done a good job embracing new technology, they are split on whether public libraries are as essential as they were in the past for finding information.”

 The impact of Carnegie’s breakthrough is that the libraries are now part and parcel of the American society. Americans read more than any other nation. A report published in January, 2014 revealed some 70% of parents report their child visited a public library and the report published in June 2014 shown some 90% of Americans visited library in last year. It developed American mind and enriched their nation.

 Carnegie authored many books, in 'The Gospel of Wealth'  he shared his amazing social conscience “a man who dies rich dies disgraced” and “no man becomes rich unless he enriches others.” 

Libraries play major role in social development. They help to make stronger communities. Without libraries modernization cannot be attained. Chinese leadership realized it, in 1980s they established over 200,000 libraries. Till today, about 601,000 rural libraries have been built in China's villages including 16,000 digital libraries have been built in the country's poor, remote areas. In today’s age of information plenty, need of libraries has been greater than before but in Pakistan, situation is not encouraging. Lack of libraries is the major impediment to national progress and is the main reason behind extremism. Pakistanis have also to realize that without libraries, they have no future.

MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

The writer is a PhD Fellow in Public Administration and Govt. at FGV-Sao Paulo, Brazil.

He can also be reached at mumtaz86@hotmail.com

The rationale behind writing this article is to share the observed successful mass transit system in the city of Sao Paulo. By incorporating the same system in Pakistan; many fold positive results can be achieved. At present Pakistan lacks such effective mass transit systems.

Sao Paulo is one of the major states in Brazil. This state has about 40 million populations. It is considered to be the economic centre and culture hub of Brazil.  The city of Sao Paulo is the capital of Sao Paulo state. The city has almost 12 million populations. It is the largest city in South America.

The metropolitan Sao Paulo is ranked one of the top 10 largest mega-cities in the world.  The statistics shows that more than 80% Brazil’s population live in urban areas. Based on these facts one can surmise the significance of transportation in these urban areas. I am living in the city of Sao Paulo for last one year.  I am highly impressed by Brazilian transportation especially under-ground trains and the bus system including electric buses.

Under-ground trains system in Brazil is locally known as the metro. It is one of the major sources of public transportation in the city of Sao Paulo. Currently, the metro is operationalizing with 5 lines and more than 60 stations in the city. In addition, with the metro, the suburban rail system as the Paulista Company of Metropolitan Trains (CPTM) is also operating in the city.  Both the metro and the CPTM cover more than 350 KM.  It is estimated that both together carry about 1 million people on average on daily basis in the city.

 People use these trains for going to their offices and businesses etc. The electronic ticket of these trains is of very nominal value. Almost every 5 minutes   a new trains appears. There is no extra ticket to transfer to another line. Being an eye witnessed, I observed the space of these metro trains is fully capitalized with passengers. People like to use them due to their efficiently and affordability.

By using these trains, it not only saves time but the travelling is safe, comfortable and very affordable. The underground train system in Sao Paulo is considered to be one of the best subway systems in the world. It is fully equipped with modern techniques and it is very safe and efficient.

It is evident that government of Brazil is investing billions of dollars in transportation sector. They are constructing new lines and introducing new metro-trains through-out the country including Sao Paulo.  Therefore, one can very easily assess the success of the metro-trains and the commitment of Brazilian government to enhance the transport system in the country.

The other prominent futures of these trains are reduction of the green house gases (GHG) and to control the congestion of traffic on the road. It is important to highlight that Brazil reduced a record reduction in the GHG in last one decade or so. It is a fact that cars and other vehicles on road emit more pollution which increases the air pollution and enhances the GHG. Like metro trains, the buses are also contributing significantly in the city of Sao Paulo.

These buses are another major source of public transportation in the city. These buses have many routes in the city. Like metro-train the buses have also nominal fare. For every route, the buses run in regular intervals. The metro is not accessible to all areas of the city. Therefore, these buses have an important role. The bus system which is extended to even street level, having large avenues and these all avenues are connected with the suburban and underground train stations. All the bus-stops are in the nearby to each metro station so that the easily accessibility for citizens to the metro is ensured. 

The transportation system in the city of Sao Paulo may have not an ideal transport system and it have certain weaknesses that need to be addressed. However,   optimistically it is a best system and it could be taken as a role model.

Pakistan needs to employ the same successful strategy of Brazil. The incorporation of underground trains, the traffic congestions on roads could be managed. The provision of good transportation can accommodate many people. The availability of such trains will certainly bring the reduction in use of private transportation. The private flux of vehicles on road not only causes traffic jams but also induces pollution as well.

Transportation on roads is causing degradation of air quality with drastic increase in the GHG.  Pakistan being one of most vulnerable countries to climate change needs to take constructive measures.  Pakistan urgently has to control the GHG as it not only creating health issues but also causing global warming which ultimately posing serious threat to our glaciers.

These glaciers are the main source for agriculture sector and Pakistan majorly relies on the water of the glaciers for drinking purpose. It is estimated that if Pakistan is unable to control the GHG emission and the glaciers melt with the same ratio for next 2-3 decades, it will face more flooding, scarcity of water, food security and even severe energy crises.

Pakistan is facing the energy crises for last few years. It is pertinent to mention that the country has the potential to save at-least 20% of its energy used in transport sector by introducing an effective transportation system in the country. Therefore, the government should have to take comprehensive steps for effective and sustainable public transportation.

In this regard, relevant assistance could be taken from Brazil or any other country who implemented the same successful mass transit system. The introduction of the Metro Buses in the city of Lahore and in the capital city of Islamabad is a positive step taken by government to improve the transportation in Pakistan. However, it is not suffice but need to do much more.....

Mournful day for Kashmir

Mr Abdul Qadir (He is a freelancer journalist and young activist)

It was the day when sky was silent, when the people of Kashmir were enjoying their lives with the beauty of nature, when the birds were chirping. Then time became change the pleasures turned into cries, streams of sweet water turned into blood, heavenly beauty became hell due to enemy. It was the day October 27, 1947 when at once stone hearted Indian army invaded on Kashmir which is called the heaven on the earth has been war zone for 67 years. The stone hearted Indian army had no more mercy upon the people of Kashmir. Happiness converted into painful sorrows. Pakistanis and Kashmiri people from all over the world has been observing October 27 as a “Black day” every year.

Kashmir’s dispute started, when the partition was decided into two independent states Pakistan and India by British Empire on August 1947. At the time of partition round about 565 large and small princely states were in the region. These states were indirectly under the British government. At that time some states joined Pakistan and other joined India according to their will. Majority of Muslims decided to join Pakistan, but the ruler was a Hindu named Raja Hari Singh, who did not want to join it Pakistan. He offered Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and Lord Mountbatten, the governor of India to make Kashmir under the dominion of India. Lord Mountbatten decided to immediately send army and air force to land in Srinagar. Radcliffe Boundary Award was the worst turn of the fate of Kashmiri people on August 16, 1947. According to it the majority of Muslim area, the Gurdaspur district forcibly wrest towards India to provide a clear route to the Indian army to enter in Kashmir.

On December 31, 1947, Pakistan sent forces against the aggression of India. But India bore a heavy loss in it and unwillingly had to appeal UN Security Council to interfere on the issue and on January 1, 1949 UN Security Council declared a ceasefire for the resolution of Kashmir. On April 21, 1948 UN Security Council adopted a resolution “47”, according to it UN assured a plebiscite auspices to make the people of Kashmir capable to choose their state either Pakistan or India. On February 5, 1964 India did not follow the directions of UN Security Council and broke down its promise to hold plebiscite and still doing same the type of strategies against Kashmir and line of control.  On March 1964 Indian Parliament forcibly issued a notification that Kashmir is an integral part of India. But recently, Srinagar High Court declared in article 370 that the Kashmir can never be the part of India.

From October 27, 1947 till today Kashmiri people are facing colossal torture, genocide, merciless behave of killings, humiliation of women and children, rape cases, curfews, brutal murders, every type of harassment and disappearance of youth cases without any investigation and proof.  According to a report on human rights violation in the Kashmir by Indian forces, Since 1989, Indians had more than 7,030 custodial killings, near about 22,776 women have become windows, approximately 107,466 children have become orphans, 12,277 people are still under arrest, more than 100,000 innocent people have martyred, more than 1, 05,996 buildings and houses have destructed and burnt and 10,086 women have gang raped. Indian brutality is still going on. But the world’s super powers and UN just arrange meetings and fake dialogs on peace process without any solid action.  This issue is the biggest challenge for human rights organizations, super powers and UN Security council. It seems the entire fake struggle and formalities are completely useless. On August 26, 2014 UN Security Council arranged an emergency meeting on the 154 rape cases issues in Democratic Republic of Congo, these were identified on the priority basis but unfortunately Kashmir is still ignored. In Kashmir more than 10,086 women were ganged raped by Indian forces goes un- noticed.                

Being a human no one can imagine the brutality of Indians in illegal occupation of Jammu and Kashmir. Massive graves of 55 villages in three districts, Bandipora, Baramulla and Kupwara were discovered in the India held Kashmir by civil society organization. Total graves were discovered near about 2700; inside them 2,943 bodies were found.  In the Bandipora province 135 bodies were identified, in the Kupwara province 1,487 bodies were identified and in the Baramulla province 1,321 bodies were found. Almost 177 cases had discovered in which 420 bodies were identified it means a grave contained more than one body.  It was said that almost 99 percent men were buried in these graves. These sacrifices of the millions of innocent Kashmiri martyrs will become fruitful when the freedom of sun will rise. It is the basic rights of any person to take breathe in the open air in the shape of freedom and no one can deny from this reality.  

Kashmiri people are fed up due to the extreme torture of Indian army, but they still not giving up. They will fight till the last drop of their blood. Kashmiri people are still hopeful and trying to defeat India through their struggle and determination. Allah naturally connected Pakistan to Kashmir. The rivers are flowing from Kashmir towards Pakistan and winds from Pakistan are blowing towards Kashmir naturally. All the natural trading routes of Kashmir are directly towards Pakistan. Since before 1947, the Rawalpindi Mandi was the point of central attention for Kashmir and they did their 60 to 70 percent business in Pakistan region. The founder of Pakistan, “Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said “Kashmir is a jugular vein of Pakistan”. Then how can it be separated from Pakistan. The whole Pakistani nation stands shoulder to shoulder with Kashmiri brothers to get freedom from cruel India. Their hearts and souls feel each other’s pleasures and grieve. Two nation theory is alive and remains forever. As in the sub-continent Muslims and Hindus, could not live together because of the differences of religion, culture, traditions, customs, and habits. That is why, Pakistan has its own identity and now the Pakistanis are leading their lives according to the principles of Islam. Kashmiri people also have right to rule freely and to lead their lives according to their religion, traditions and customs. They cannot live peacefully and freely with India because India’s religion and traditions are extremely opposite. Kashmir should have given the right to join their desired nation according to their people’s wishes. Even now India became psycho when they saw that Kashmir’s are waving Pakistani flag in front of them. No doubt, Pakistan also wants to resolve the Kashmir issue with peace process and negotiates accordance with the UN resolutions. But still these efforts are not enough. Pakistan should launch a propaganda movement against India and their inhumanity. A multi dimensional strategy should be made related to the human rights violation, which extends full political, economical, diplomatic and moral support to licit Kashmiri struggle for their right to self determination. If nothing else, then the 57 Islamic countries of the world should be the voice of Kashmir against terror and brutality of cruel Indians.  

UN CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (COP21)

Muhammad Mumtaz. (The writer is a PhD fellow in Public Administration & Govt at FGV-Sao Paulo, Brazil)

The twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21) is due to be held between November 30 to December 11 this year. The COP is supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Main objective of the COP is to achieve a legally binding and universal agreement on climate from all the nations of the world.

It is estimated that the temperature of the world will rise up of 4C by the end of this century. Some studies are indicating that the rise in temperature will be even more than the projected temperature if the challenge of climate change is not tackled properly. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are one of the major reasons for climate change, causing the rise in temperature, and ultimately threatening the planet.  

It is indicated that natural causes do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20th century. It is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming. The industrialized nations are more responsible for emission of the GHG. Only 7 developed countries account for more than 60% of total GHG emission in the world. 

The National Academy of Sciences indicated that the present concentration level of the GHG in the atmosphere is unprecedented in the past million years which is a very alarming sign. It is imperative to act in order to maintain the temperature of earth and to overcome the projected fatal impacts from such rise in temperature.

The conference is more important than any other universal agreement. It is important to highlight that the focus of the conference is to stabilize the concentrations of the GHG in the atmosphere and to bring it at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the climate system of the earth.

It is expected that the world leaders will sign a climate accord in which all nations will agree to take constructive steps to reduce the GHG emissions. The success of the conference is expectedly high as various nations from every corner of the world have accepted the reality of climate change and ready to take resolvable measures. Some of the major emitter of the GHG like United States, China and Canada etc are agreed and offering to take steps to control the emission of the GHG. The recognition of climate change from these countries is a very positive development as previously these developed countries were far away from accepting the reality of climate change. The US is committed to reduce the emission upto 25-26% and to bring at the level of 2005 by 2025. China not only is ready to cut its GHG emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60-65% from 2005 levels but would increase the share of non-fossil fuels as part of its primary energy consumption to about 20% by 2030. Many other countries have also submitted their commitments to reduce the GHG.

Latin America and Brazil, in particular has a key role in climate talks. It is worth noting that about 25% of the world’s arable land, 22% of its forests, and 31% of fresh water are found in Latin America. Brazil has presented its plan for the conference stating it would cut its emissions by 37% by 2025 through fighting deforestation and boosting the share of renewable in its energy mix.

One of the prominent features of the conference is to make an agreement based on voluntary basis which should be verifiable and contributively. This voluntary approach is adopted new technique in comparison with the Kyoto Protocol (KP). This voluntary step will likely to bring positive result keeping in view the minor contribution of the KP. In the KP it was proposed that emissions abatement would take place from top-down emitters’ countries and it excluded developing countries. However, the present agreement will equally be applicable to all nationals including developing world.

Climate change is an established global phenomenon and it is debated and discussed around the globe. It is the responsibility of everyone to act to reduce carbon emissions that contribute to the problem. Religious scholars, experts and teachers from around the world are united and have the same opinion about climate change which can be one of harbingers for an agreement at the conference.

The religious communities even have issued comprehensive statements on climate change and stressed to confront the challenge. Back in 2005, Islamic leaders issued climate change declaration in Istanbul, Turkey. In the declaration, it is addressed 1.6bn Muslims around the world to work towards phasing out the GHG emissions by 2050 and a 100% renewable energy strategy.

Likewise Pope Francis has a clear-cut stance on climate change. He considers climate change as a ‘principal challenge’ for humanity. He issued a comprehensive document on climate change. He called on humanity to collectively acknowledge a ‘sense of responsibility for our fellow men and women upon which all civil society is founded’.  In his one of prominent addresses while highlighting the issue of climate change he stressed ‘Climate change is a problem which can no longer be left to a future generation’. This is yet another religious strong commitment to curb the GHG emission.

One of other key objectives of the conference is to raise $100 billion per year by the developed countries from 2020. Such funds are very important to counter climate change keeping in view many developing countries lack considerable finances to address climate change. This commitment should enable developing countries to combat climate change properly and it would be helpful to promote sustainable development as well in these countries. It is believed and well perceived by the commitment of developed world that such funds would be established and provided to poor nations to manage climate change.

Many international key players have launched not only national deliberation on climate change but also focusing on international diplomacy in this regard. The conference is recognized as a defining event for the entire globe and the results of the conference will certainly have global implications too. Stakeholders are extremely committed and are debating the way forward and strategies in various parts of the world so that a comprehensive pact can be attained.

Based on aforementioned developments and commitments showed by various countries specially developed world, it is hoped that the world will come up with an appropriate solution. It is highly likely that the conference will bring a positive and balanced way forward for the whole world. Climate campaigners and many experts see an opportunity in the conference and they believe that affords the best chance for agreeing to worldwide reductions in the GHG emissions.

The twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21) is due to be held between November 30 to December 11 this year. The COP is supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Main objective of the COP is to achieve a legally binding and universal agreement on climate from all the nations of the world.

It is estimated that the temperature of the world will rise up of 4C by the end of this century. Some studies are indicating that the rise in temperature will be even more than the projected temperature if the challenge of climate change is not tackled properly. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) are one of the major reasons for climate change, causing the rise in temperature, and ultimately threatening the planet.  

It is indicated that natural causes do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20th century. It is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming. The industrialized nations are more responsible for emission of the GHG. Only 7 developed countries account for more than 60% of total GHG emission in the world. 

The National Academy of Sciences indicated that the present concentration level of the GHG in the atmosphere is unprecedented in the past million years which is a very alarming sign. It is imperative to act in order to maintain the temperature of earth and to overcome the projected fatal impacts from such rise in temperature.

The conference is more important than any other universal agreement. It is important to highlight that the focus of the conference is to stabilize the concentrations of the GHG in the atmosphere and to bring it at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic impacts on the climate system of the earth.

It is expected that the world leaders will sign a climate accord in which all nations will agree to take constructive steps to reduce the GHG emissions. The success of the conference is expectedly high as various nations from every corner of the world have accepted the reality of climate change and ready to take resolvable measures. Some of the major emitter of the GHG like United States, China and Canada etc are agreed and offering to take steps to control the emission of the GHG. The recognition of climate change from these countries is a very positive development as previously these developed countries were far away from accepting the reality of climate change. The US is committed to reduce the emission upto 25-26% and to bring at the level of 2005 by 2025. China not only is ready to cut its GHG emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60-65% from 2005 levels but would increase the share of non-fossil fuels as part of its primary energy consumption to about 20% by 2030. Many other countries have also submitted their commitments to reduce the GHG.

Latin America and Brazil, in particular has a key role in climate talks. It is worth noting that about 25% of the world’s arable land, 22% of its forests, and 31% of fresh water are found in Latin America. Brazil has presented its plan for the conference stating it would cut its emissions by 37% by 2025 through fighting deforestation and boosting the share of renewable in its energy mix.

One of the prominent features of the conference is to make an agreement based on voluntary basis which should be verifiable and contributively. This voluntary approach is adopted new technique in comparison with the Kyoto Protocol (KP). This voluntary step will likely to bring positive result keeping in view the minor contribution of the KP. In the KP it was proposed that emissions abatement would take place from top-down emitters’ countries and it excluded developing countries. However, the present agreement will equally be applicable to all nationals including developing world.

Climate change is an established global phenomenon and it is debated and discussed around the globe. It is the responsibility of everyone to act to reduce carbon emissions that contribute to the problem. Religious scholars, experts and teachers from around the world are united and have the same opinion about climate change which can be one of harbingers for an agreement at the conference.

The religious communities even have issued comprehensive statements on climate change and stressed to confront the challenge. Back in 2005, Islamic leaders issued climate change declaration in Istanbul, Turkey. In the declaration, it is addressed 1.6bn Muslims around the world to work towards phasing out the GHG emissions by 2050 and a 100% renewable energy strategy.

Likewise Pope Francis has a clear-cut stance on climate change. He considers climate change as a ‘principal challenge’ for humanity. He issued a comprehensive document on climate change. He called on humanity to collectively acknowledge a ‘sense of responsibility for our fellow men and women upon which all civil society is founded’.  In his one of prominent addresses while highlighting the issue of climate change he stressed ‘Climate change is a problem which can no longer be left to a future generation’. This is yet another religious strong commitment to curb the GHG emission.

One of other key objectives of the conference is to raise $100 billion per year by the developed countries from 2020. Such funds are very important to counter climate change keeping in view many developing countries lack considerable finances to address climate change. This commitment should enable developing countries to combat climate change properly and it would be helpful to promote sustainable development as well in these countries. It is believed and well perceived by the commitment of developed world that such funds would be established and provided to poor nations to manage climate change.

Many international key players have launched not only national deliberation on climate change but also focusing on international diplomacy in this regard. The conference is recognized as a defining event for the entire globe and the results of the conference will certainly have global implications too. Stakeholders are extremely committed and are debating the way forward and strategies in various parts of the world so that a comprehensive pact can be attained.

Based on aforementioned developments and commitments showed by various countries specially developed world, it is hoped that the world will come up with an appropriate solution. It is highly likely that the conference will bring a positive and balanced way forward for the whole world. Climate campaigners and many experts see an opportunity in the conference and they believe that affords the best chance for agreeing to worldwide reductions in the GHG emissions.